The aim of this article is to show the influence of Jacques Maritain’s philosophical work Art et scolastique on the young Czesław Miłosz and his work, and how it shaped the poet’s views on art in subsequent years. The author analyzes Maritain’s work on art in the context of theology and Miłosz’s articles published between the two world wars. In terms of methodology, the article draws on the concept of intertextuality, pointing to the dependence of the poet’s thinking during this (...) period on that of the French philosopher. Maritain’s aesthetic creationism was seen by some inter-war literary critics, including Miłosz himself, as a third way between the mimetic aesthetics or art in the service of ideas and the “angelism” of symbolic art and art for art’s sake. In Maritain’s aesthetics, the writer found a system of concepts through which he opened himself up to issues related to human spirituality, ontology and religion. Maritain’s distinction between the purpose of the work and the purpose of the maker directed Miłosz’s attention to the author, as one that has been singled out as bound to strive for self-improvement and self-development. To a much lesser extent, this concept influenced his poetics. His works written in the twenty-year interwar period are saturated with dark symbolism and modernistic mannerisms. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to present the 1951 dicussion on Czesław Miłosz’s escape from Poland. Wirpsza’s poem, published in January 1951, was dedicated to Czesław Miłosz. It was was commented on in a literary cultural newspaper over the next few months. Miłosz is shown as a deserter and a traitor, who has lost his poetic talent. The analysis of censorship documents shows that instructions for Miłosz’s texts and texts about him must have been issued in May 1951.

The present article is to recall the general principles of J. M. Rymkiewicz’s classicism and to stress those of his theses that roused a lot of controversies among critics (diagnosis of the culture crisis, time conception, theory of archetypes). Also it is essential to examine the poet’s way to express these theories in his poetry. The investigation helps us to find a contemporary poet interested in metaphysics. In his early poems he expressed various meanings of that branch of philosophy. The (...) first expression is his theory of archetypes. By this he intends to touch the sphere of collective subconsciousness in order to evoke the forgotten archetypal models and to bring them back to life by means of symobls of the time being. His second theory can be described as “awakening the dead”. By poetry (arts) the present generation should get in touch with its ancestors to “wake them up” and thus to cause them to return to us. His third theory has been a continuation of baroque metaphysical poets’ expression. Their influence can be seen in his poems that remind us of Naborowski’s and the Morsztyns’ vocabulary and way of describing images. There are questions asked to the God about the sense of this life and eternity. (shrink)

The aim of the article is to present the senses ant contexts in which the concept of nothingness (and also "non-existence", "emptiness", a "vacuum” and "timelessness") appears in the world presented in Bolesław Leśmian’s poems. The above-mentioned terms are the constructive elements of his poetic reality. The lyric "I" of Leśmian’s numerous poems is the poet, placing the world of his poetry on the borderland between existence and non-existence. Paradoxically, one might say that the poet has created a world which (...) does not exist, though it is characterized by some specific qualities. Thus, there is no clear borderline between existence and nothingness. In the world presented by Bolesław Leśmian, absolute nothingness appears to be impossible. One can, however, identify a kind of transcendental nothingness, which is not the complete annihilation of everything, but only, as the poet put it, "a state of consciousness different from the consciousnes of existence". There is also a category of immanent nothingness, which can be perceived either as a lack in existence (this sort of nothingness is typical of the protagonist from Pieśni kalekujące [The Crippling Songs] or as the annihilation of individual existence. The second type of nothingness is frequently identified with non-existence. The concepts discussed here have been reified and materialized by the poet. They have become the agent or subject of action. Sometimes they are presented as the categories of space. Then their synonyms are "emptiness", a "vacuum" and a "chasm" existing in timelessness. Nothingness is a category which, in the poems by Leśmian, defines not only the ontological status of all kinds of existence but also the drama of the existential situation of characters living in the poetic world presented in the poems. (shrink)

While John B. Watson articulated the intellectual commitments of behaviorism with clarity and force, wove them into a coherent perspective, gave the perspective a name, and made it a cause, these commitments had adherents before him. To document the origins of behaviorism, this series collects the articles that set the terms of the behaviorist debate, includes the most important pre-Watsonian contributions to objectivism, and reprints the first full text of the new behaviorism. Contents: Functionalism, the Critque of Introspection, and the (...) Nature and Evolution of Consciousness: Theoretical Roots of Early Behaviourism: An Anthology [1842-1914] Robert H. Wozniak (Ed) 360 pp Studies of Animal and Infant Behaviour. the Experimental and Comparative Roots of Early Behaviourism: An Anthology [1840-1911] Robert H. Wozniak (Ed) 412 pp An Introuduction to Comparative Psychology [1894 edition] Conway Lloyd Morgan 628 pp Comparative Physiology of the Brain and Comparative Psychology [1900] Jacques Loeb 342 pp Fundamental Laws of Human Behaviour. Lectures on the foundtions of Any Mental or Social Science [1911] Max F. Meyer 264 pp Behaviour. An Introduction to Comparative Psychology [1914 edition] John B. Watson 482 pp. (shrink)

Since the publication of the successful animal trials of the Biobag, a prototypical extrauterine support for extremely premature neonates, numerous ethicists have debated the potential implications of such a device. Some have argued that the Biobag represents a natural evolution of traditional newborn intensive care, while others believe that the Biobag would create a new class of being for the patients housed within. Kingma and Finn argued inBioethicsfor making a categorical distinction between fetuses, newborns and ‘gestatelings’ in a Biobag on (...) the basis of a conceptual distinction between ectogenesis versus ectogestation. Applying their arguments to the clinical realities of newborn intensive care, however, demonstrates the inapplicability of their ideas to the practice of medicine. Here, I present three clinical examples of the difficulty and confusion their argument would create for clinicians and offer a possible remedy: namely, discarding the term ‘artificial womb’ in favour of ‘Biobag’. (shrink)

James (1890) distinguished two understandings of the self, the self as “Me” and the self as “I”. This distinction has recently regained popularity in cognitive science, especially in the context of experimental studies on the underpinnings of the phenomenal self. The goal of this paper is to take a step back from cognitive science and attempt to precisely distinguish between “Me” and “I” in the context of consciousness. This distinction was originally based on the idea that the former (“Me”) corresponds (...) to the self as an object of experience (self as object), while the latter (“I”) reflects the self as a subject of experience (self as subject). I will argue that in most of the cases (arguably all) this distinction maps onto the distinction between the phenomenal self (reflecting self-related content of consciousness) and the metaphysical self (representing the problem of subjectivity of all conscious experience), and as such these two issues should be investigated separately using fundamentally different methodologies. Moreover, by referring to Metzinger’s (2018) theory of phenomenal self-models, I will argue that what is usually investigated as the phenomenal-“I” [following understanding of self-as-subject introduced by Wittgenstein (1958) ] can be interpreted as object, rather than subject of experience, and as such can be understood as an element of the hierarchical structure of the phenomenal self-model. This understanding relates to recent predictive coding and free energy theories of the self and bodily self discussed in cognitive neuroscience and philosophy. (shrink)

This article reflects on the current philosophical tendency to construct non-dualistic subjectivity models in response to the criticism of the traditional authoritarian human subject. Following thinkers such as Emmanuel Lévinas, Michel Foucault or Jacques Derrida, the literature has largely identified traditional metaphysics based on dualistic hierarchies as the major source of violence. Perceiving phenomenology as a method that focuses on the concepts of the lived experience and situatedness, I combine this approach with the feminist calls for dismantling the hierarchical relationship (...) of subjectivity to the world. I draw on the concepts of Sonia Kruks, Linda Martin Alcoff, Sara Heinämaa, Judith Butler, Bonnie Mann and Johanna Oksala to inquire how dualism-overcoming phenomenology can be applied to feminist thought. I focus in particular on the approach that Oksala outlines in her book, Feminist Experiences: Foucauldian and Phenomenological Investigations, where she proposes a transcendental view on feminist experience. Intriguingly, she understands transcendental as situated – historically, culturally and politically. Consequently, my final question concerns the possibility of combining the two usually conflicted approaches: transcendental and historical regarding the fundamental phenomenological distinction between the empirical and the transcendental. (shrink)

Internal audit provides an independent and objective opinion to the Board on risk management, control and governance, by measuring and evaluating their effectiveness in achieving an organisation’s agreed objectives. It also provides an independent and objective consultancy service to help line management improve the organisation’s processes. Internal auditors should respect in their work some ethical rules, especially these included in the Code of Ethics formed by the IIA. This code is intended to clarify the standard of conduct expected from all (...) members of the internal audit unit. The main four principles that should be observed are as follows: integrity, objectivity, competency and confidentiality Being ethical in internal audit is necessary in order to win the trust of the environment in which auditors work. However, declaring one’s readiness to respect the Code of Ethics is not enough. Much more important is to implement and comply with given rules in carrying out audit duties. (shrink)

War in Ukraine and the Russian annexation of Crimea are the events that changed the US policy towards Russia. The events in Ukraine forced the United States to take a closer look at Eastern and Central Europe. The United States’ policy during the Ukrainian crisis has been limited to sanctions and strong statements so far because in Ukraine there is an asymmetry of interests. Ukraine is much more important to Russia than to the United States. The United States may be (...) willing to support the democratic and western aspiration of Ukrainians but will not risk a major conflict with Russia over it. However the crisis in Ukraine is not only about Ukraine or Russia. It is also about US credibility around the world. Both friends and foes are watching closely the American reaction to the situation. That is why the United States has increased its military presence in those NATO countries that share borders with Russia. (shrink)

Inspirados en el poeta Romantico John Keats (1795-1821), en este artículo meditamos sobre lo que puede ocurrir en el espacio educativo si los docentes cultivan y alimentan el carácter poético y la capacidad negativa. El artículo busca retratar una disposición docente particular, y el impacto que esa disposición podría tener en la experiencia educativa de los docentes y sus estudiantes. Comenzando con algunas consideraciones sobre el carácter poético y la capacidad negativa, el artículo se propone ponderar cómo un docente con (...) carácter poético desafía la concepción familiar de la educación como una "búsqueda por la certeza" haciendo de la educación una travesía sin norte por las aguas de lo que no se sabe ni conoce. (shrink)

_ Source: _Volume 24, Issue 2, pp 163 - 223 The paper demonstrates that when translating explicit anthropomorphisms in Scripture, medieval Karaites are neither particularly more nor less literal than their rabbinic counterparts. Indeed, they often propose translations similar to those of Targum Onqelos and Saʿadyah Gaon. Moreover, although their lines of argument are different, both Saʿadyah and the Karaites insist that human language is responsible for corporeal descriptions of God in the Bible, and they resort to the linguistic conventions (...) of figurative language and extension of meaning to justify these theologically disturbing expressions. The Karaites’ contribution consists of advancing and refining these linguistic justifications by introducing, for example, the concept of polysemy to account for certain kinds of problematic formulations. In addition, they are probably the first commentators in the history of Jewish Bible exegesis to cite the rabbinic dictum, “the Torah speaks in the language of man” to explain the presence of anthropomorphisms in Scripture. (shrink)

Research teams have used extra-uterine systems to support premature fetal lambs and to bring them to maturation in a way not previously possible. The researchers have called attention to possible implications of these systems for sustaining premature human fetuses in a similar way. Some commentators have pointed out that perfecting these systems for human fetuses might alter a standard expectation in abortion practices: that the termination of a pregnancy also entails the death of the fetus. With Biobags, it might be (...) possible, some argue, that no woman has the right to expect that outcome if the technology is able to sustain fetal lifeafteran abortion. In order to protect the expectation that the termination of a pregnancy always entails the death of the fetus, Elizabeth Romanis has argued that fetuses sustained in Biobags have a status different than otherwise ‘born’ children. In support of that view, she argues that these ‘gestatelings’ are incapable of independent life. This argument involves a misunderstanding of the gestational support involved, as well as a misapprehension of neonatology practice. Here, we argue that any human fetus sustained in a Biobag would be as ‘independent’ as any other premature infant, and just as ‘born’. Neonatologists would seem to have certain presumptive moral responsibilities toward any human fetus gestating in a Biobag. It remains a separate question whether the perfection and widespread application of Biobags for premature human beings would or should alter the expectation that ending a pregnancy also entails fetal death. (shrink)

This paper has already been published in Policy Futures in Education, 0 1–14, 2017. It is freely available on Academia. We thank Jason Thomas Wozniak for the permission to republish it here.: Debt shapes subjectivity by rhythmically training indebted subjects. Stated slightly differently, there exists a debt dressage that produces indebted subjectivity. One of the principle aims of this article is to introduce rhythm into the debt analysis debates. Building on Henri - Sciences de l'éducation et de la formation – (...) Nouvel article. (shrink)

The aim of this study was to characterize the knowledge about the joy in children with mild intellectual disability. The premises relating to mental functioning of these children suggest that this knowledge is poorer and less complex than the knowledge of their peers in the intellectual norm. The study used the authoring tool to measure children’s knowledge of emotions including the joy. This tool takes into account the cognitive representation of the basic emotions available in three codes: image, verbal, semantic (...) and interconnection between the codes - perception, symbolization and conceptualization which perform the functions of perception, expression and understanding. The study included children with the intellectual norm and children with mild intellectual disability. The obtained results mainly indicate the differences in how the happiness is understood by particular groups, to the detriment of children with disability. The character of the results is largely determined by the level of organization of knowledge about the joy and accompanying mental operations. The results will be discussed, among others, in the context of the adjustment of the programs of lasting increase of happiness for people with intellectual disability. (shrink)

Artykuł analizuje wybrane przykłady zaczerpnięte z polskiej sztuki współczesnej ostatnich lat, pytając o sposób ujęcia zagadnienia roślinności przez artystów. Humanistyka, głównie za sprawą posthumanizmu, przewartościowała relacje między ludźmi i roślinami, odbierając tym pierwszym centralną pozycję. W tym samym czasie na polu sztuki toczy się odrębna debata o podmiotowość roślin. Autorka, koncentrując na szeroko pojmowanym zagadnieniu ruchu roślin, pyta o to, jakie miejsce obecnie zajmują rośliny w sztuce, jak przedstawiane są ich związki z innymi organizmami i na jakie miejsca wspólne między (...) ludzkimi i nie-ludzkimi istotami wskazują artyści. (shrink)

The article attempts to analyze Feliks Koneczny’s beliefs about paedocracy in the context of presently observed forms of youth political activity. For this purpose, the paper offers a discussion of selected texts on paedocracy published by Koneczny in the Słowo daily between September 16 and October 22, 1912. At that time, Koneczny wrote: “O pajdokracji” [On Paedocracy], “Partenogeneza pajdokracji” [Partenogenesis of Paedocracy], “Pajdokracja z prowokacji” [Provoked Paedocracy], “Młodzież jako środek reklamy” [Youth as a Means of Advertising], “Młodzież jako rzekoma rękojmia (...) przyszłości” [Youth as the Supposed Guarantor of the Future], “Pajdokracja i apatia” [Paedocracy and Apathy], “Stronnictwa a pajdokracja” [Parties and Paedocracy], “Brak pajdokracji w Wielkopolsce” [No Paedocracy in Greater Poland], “Patryjotyzm bez zajęcia” [Jobless Patriotism] and “Szacunku dla młodzieży” [Respect Youth]. Based on the analysis of source texts, the definition of paedocracy is presented on to of its causes and effects. This information is juxtaposed with other takes on paedocracy and its contemporary faces. Koneczny’s assessment of paedocracy was unequivocally negative. He believed it was socially harmful and resulted from a number of misconceptions. “Youth rule”, in the scholar’s view, is inspired solely by mature politicians who manipulate the young to achieve their own agendas. Such behavior stems from the lack of respect for youth that Koneczny clearly sought. The researcher saw many advantages of young Poles, but at the same time he was aware that some features of youth are not desirable in politics. He concluded that the only way to combat paedocracy might be to remove the young from politics altogether. At the same time, he realized that such a radical solution was not possible. In his argument, Koneczny not only described the flaws of paedocracy, but also showed how it can be combatted. (shrink)

The purpose of this article is to present the legal aspects of landscape protection in the context of onshore wind energy investments in Poland, in comparison with the tendency in other European countries. Landscape protection can be considered in several contexts of meaning: natural, cultural and planning. The influence of wind farms on the landscape is identified in each of these contexts, but in the study of law, the impact of these investments on the environment and people is most often (...) considered. Both landscape protection and the development of renewable energy sources are part of the paradigms of sustainable development. The balance between the designations of sustainable development: economy, society and environment, provides the background for the problem under study. Spatial conflicts, identified within this rule, but also within the public interest, are inevitable; both the protection of the landscape and the location of wind energy investments are in the public interest. The dynamics of wind energy development affects the landscape, causing landscape changes. This is considered a source of social tension and conflict at certain times. Public perception of wind investments in the context of landscape protection is not consistent: from approval of these investments, through a neutral approach to public resistance. In the area of the analysed issue, the principle that becomes apparent is “not in my back yard”. Polish law is lacking a unified model for landscape protection in the aspect of wind investment development, and the provisions in force are scattered in this area. The important question is how the Polish legislator implements the postulate of landscape protection and whether the regulations of the generally applicable law are adequate to the needs of landscape protection in the context of the realization of one of the most common renewable energy sources. Diagnosis of current legal barriers to the impact of wind energy investment implementation on the landscape can be presented in two ways: from a planning perspective and from an environmental perspective. For this it is required to present the concept of landscape with the rules of its protection under the European Landscape Convention. This study employs dogmatic and black-letter methods of analysing the provisions of the law in force in Poland, as well as a comparative method. The article utilizes also the method of legal semiotics, which is based on the premise that the primary focus of semiotic research on law is language. Studies have shown that the systems of countries in Europe and the world vary in this regard. (shrink)

In his 1913 behaviourist manifesto John B Watson urged psychologists to adopt "a unitary scheme of animal response...(that) recognizes no dividing line between man and brute." His call was heeded. By the 1930s, methodological behaviourism and animal behaviour research were dominant features of the psychological landscape. To document the origins of behaviourism, this series collects the theoretical and empirical articles that set the terms of the behaviourist debate. It includes the most important pre-Watsonian monographic contributions to objectivism and reprints the (...) first full text of the new behaviourism. (shrink)

Niniejszy tekst jest poświęcony kwestii nicości w myśleniu Heideggera. Dokonana w Byciu i czasie analiza struktury Dasein wydobywa na jaw wiele jej istotnych aspektów, a właściwie egzystencjałów, z których jednym byłaby trwoga. W trwodze świat „staje się” nicością, ukazuje się w sposób pusty i bezlitosny, ale zarazem odsłania to Dasein możliwość jego autentycznej egzystencji, możliwość zin¬dywidualizowanego bycia-w-świecie. W wykładzie Czym jest metafizyka? Heidegger powraca do problematyki nicości, rozumiejąc ją już inaczej niż czyniła to metafizyka: mianowicie nicość była warunkiem umożliwiającym jawność (...) bytu dla człowieka. Bycie: nicość: to samo – ogólnie rzecz ujmując, Heidegger będzie twierdził, że nicość przynależy do bycia, co syntetycznie wyraża właśnie ta jego późna formuła. Ponieważ kwestia bycia jest ściśle związana z kwestią czasu, stąd problematyka nicości łączy się najściślej u Heideggera z problematyką temporalności, temporalności ujmowanej – co koniecznie trzeba podkreślić – ekstatycznie. Temporalizacja byłaby według Heideggera wolną oscylacją pierwotnej czasowości otwartego horyzontu, co umożliwiałoby światowanie (Welten), czyli wchodzenie bytów w świat. Z tej perspektywy, w wykładzie Metafizyczne podstawy logiki, nicość jest określana jako nihil originarium. Świat to nicość, która wydarza się wraz i dzięki pierwotnemu czasowaniu się, co późny Heideggera będzie także rozumiał jako czwarty wymiar czasu (Czas i bycie). Nicość jest także tematyzowana przez Heidggera w Przyczynkach do filozofii, gdzie jest z kolei objaśniana jako istotowa wibracja (Erzitterung) Bycia (Sein). Podczas seminarium w Le Thor (1969) Heidegger powie, że w wydarzaniu (Ereignis) nie zostało już pomyślane nic greckiego. Wydarzanie nie „jest”, ale „daje”, „wydarza” bycie i czas. Bycie to jednak nie metafizycznie rozumiana obecność. Bycie to także nie nieobecność, nie sprowadza się ono bowiem do metafizycznie rozumianej nicości, nicości pojmowanej w opozycji do bytu, ale to nicość w sensie nihil originarium, nicość w sensie temporalnym, a może nawet i energetycznym. Tak ujmowana przez Heideggera nicość zdaje się i tak jednak „zanikać” w nieprzedstawianym, niewyrażalnym wydarzaniu, wydarzaniu uchodzącym za ostatnie „słowo” jego filozofii. (shrink)

The discussion on the principle of non-contradiction (1946–1957) between Marxist and non-Marxist philosophers was one of the major philosophical discussions in Polish philosophy of this period. In my text, I carefully reconstruct this discussion and outline its relation to Soviet debates on the subject. I show that the change in Schaff’s position happened in the early 1950s under the combined influence of the Lvov–Warsaw School and the changes in the official Soviet position regarding formal logic. I discuss the aftermath following (...) Schaff’s change in attitude towards the analytic tradition for the development of Polish philosophy, as well as the critique of this change by Jarosław Ładosz. In my reconstruction of the latter, I focus on the problem of the historical development of science. I refer to Ilyenkov’s critique of Schaff, opposing synchronic (“positivist”) and diachronic (“dialectical”) concepts of knowledge. As I argue, these opposing concepts of science can be seen as a genuine issue at stake in the Polish discussion as well, especially in the polemic between Schaff and Ładosz. (shrink)

Patterns of inattention in children: Findings from the inattention checklist for teachers This study concerns construction of a checklist for teachers designed to find out types of attention disorders in children. Inattention is not a homogenous phenomenon. Patterns of coexistence of inattention signs and other behavioral symptoms could reflect different psychological mechanisms. In first study teachers described 242 children aged 9 to 10 using Inattention Checklist for Teachers. In second study teachers described 361 children aged 8 to 10 using modified (...) version of the ICT. Factor analysis conducted in the first study resulted in extraction of five factors. In the second study previously extracted factors were validated by cluster analyses and profiles referring to co-occurring behavioral symptoms were developed. Analysis of profiles has shown that attention disorders comprise at least two groups of inattention symptoms that in relation to other factors and learning difficulties constitute different patterns of inattention. It is suggested that these patterns reflect differences between attention disorders caused by cognitive malfunctioning, impaired behavioral or emotional control. (shrink)

The author of article proves that in the era of the globalization the institutional order of national economy is influenced by the distorted competition which results in domination of the managers and technicians of great corporations. It is their businesses that define the economic policy. In the world of asymmetric information, oligopolistic competition, political market and progressive commercialization of the axiological sphere the rules of thinking and acting are merely reduced to the strategy of self-advantage. This situation results in ineffective (...) institutional protection at the global, regional and national levels. To remove social inequalities effectively it is necessary to have control over the dominating groups in society and to develop coherent norms of institutional protection. There is also a need for the development of human capital and its modernization as a common notion of moral values of society and the individual. (shrink)

TRACES OF THE TIME WHICH REMAINS: VIGNETTES ON THE ART AND TIME OF DYING.